Which of the following are nonreversible risk factors for CVA?

• A. Age, Sex, Race, And Heredity
• B. Smoking and Obesity
• C. Diet and Exercise
• D. Birth Control Pills and Stress

Answer: (A)

The main idea is distinguishing risk factors you can’t change from those you can. Nonreversible (nonmodifiable) factors are things you can't alter through lifestyle or treatment: age, sex, race, and heredity. These inherently influence stroke risk because of how our bodies age, genetic makeup, and natural differences between populations. That’s why this option is the best choice for nonreversible risk factors.

In contrast, the other items describe factors you can modify or influence: smoking and obesity can be reduced or eliminated; diet and exercise can improve vascular health; birth control pills involve hormonal risk factors that can be weighed and adjusted with medical guidance; stress can be managed. All of these are modifiable, which is why they don’t fit the nonreversible category.